DWI AYU LARASATI

SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINOUS, SIMPLE PAST, PAST CONTINOUS, SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT AND PRONOUN

NAMA DOSEN : DEVI ARYANI

DWI AYU LARASATI

22213664

3EB22

FAKULTAS EKONOMI JURUSAN AKUNTANSI

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2016

SIMPLE PRESENT THEORY

The simple present or present simple is one of the present tenses used in modern English, the others being the present continuous and the emphatic present. It is called "present" because it is often (but not exclusively) used in referring to the present time, and it is called "simple" because it consists of only a single word. In the third person singular of the simple present it is formed (with two exceptions) by adding s or es to the bare infinitive, as in "He sees you", while in all other person/number combinations the present simple is identical to the bare infinitive, as in "They see you" or "I see you". The two exceptions are "to have" and "to be": "to have" retains the bare infinitive form outside the third person singular, but in the third person singular it uses "has" as in he has a car; "to be" uses "am" in the first person singular, "is" in the third person singular, and "are" in all other person/number combinations, as in Iam here, you are here, she is here.

THE FUNCTION

The function of Simple Present Tense. We use the simple present for some purpose, there are :

1. To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:

§ I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)

2. To give instructions or directions:

§ You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

3. To express fixed arrangements, present or future:

§ Your exam starts at 09.00

4. To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until :

§ He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

EXAMPLE

Positive Sentences	Negative Sentences	Intterogative Sentences
He drinks water	He does not drink water	Does he drink water ?
They read lessons	they do not read lessons	Do they read lessons ?
Birds chirp	Bird do not chirp	Do birds chirp ?
John reaches home in time	John does not reach home in time	Does John reach home in time ?
Water maintains its surface level	Water does not maintain its surface level	Does water maintain its surface level ?

PRESENT CONTINOUS THEORY

It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. For example, a person says, “I am writing a letter”. It means that he is in the process of writing a letter right now. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called Present progressive tense.

Rules. Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.

THE FUNCTION

As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete :

1. To describe an action that is going on at this moment:

§ You are using the Internet. You are studying English grammar.

2. To describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend:

§ Are you still working for the same company? More and more people are becoming vegetarian.

3. To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared:

§ We're going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?

4. To describe a temporary event or situation:

§ He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.

5. With "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions:

§ Harry and Sally are always arguing ! You're constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!

EXAMPLE

Positive Sentences	Negative Sentences	Intterogative Sentences
I am listening to the news	I am not listening to the news	Am I listening to the news ?
You are washing your clothes	You are not washing your clothes	Are you washing your clothes ?
She is riding on horse	She is not riding on a horse	Is she riding on a horse ?
They are playing football	They are not playing football	Are they playing football ?
It is raining	It is not raining	Is it raining ?

SIMPLE PAST THEORY

It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago. For example, a person says, “I watched a movie”, it means the speaker of this sentence watched a movie a little time ago or little time ago in the same day.

Rules : 2nd form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences and base form is used in negative and interrogative sentences.

THE FUNCTION

The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions :

1. Frequency : often, sometimes, always

§ I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.

§ I often brought my lunch to school.

2. A definite point in time : last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago

§ We saw a good film last week.

§ Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.

§ She finished her work atseven o'clock

§ I went to the theatre last night

3. An indefinite point in time : the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in caves a long time ago.

4. She played the piano when she was a child.

Note : the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

EXAMPLE

Positive Sentences	Negative Sentences	Intterogative Sentences
I have started a job	I have not started a job	Have I started a job?
It has rained.	It has not rained.	Has it rained?
The guests have arrived	The guests have not arrived.	Have the guests arrived?
John has left for home.	John has not left for home.	Has John left for home?
You have told a lie.	You have not told a lie.	Have you told a lie?

PAST CONTINOUS THEORY

It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an ongoing nature of an action in past. For example, “he was laughing.” This sentence shows ongoing action (laughing) of a person which occurred in past. Past continuous tense is also called past progressive.

Rules : Auxiliary verb “was or were” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.

THE FUNCTION

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

It is used :

Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
To describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
To express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my homework done instead."
With 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

EXAMPLE

Positive Sentences	Negative Sentences	Intterogative Sentences
They were laughing at the joker	They were not laughing at the joker	Were they laughing at the joker ?
He was taking exam last month	He was not taking exam last month	Was he taking exam last month ?
You waiting for him yesterday	You were not waiting for him yesterday	Were you waiting for him yesterday ?
She was working in a factory	She was not working in a factory	Was she working in a factory ?
It was raining yesterday	It was not raining yesterday	Was it raining yesterday ?

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Subject verb agreement refers to the fact that the subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number. In other words, they both must be singular or they both must be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa. The tricky part is in knowing the singular and plural forms of subjects and verbs.

Singular and plural subjects, or nouns, are usually pretty easy. In most cases the plural form of a noun has an “s” at the end. Like this:

Car – singular
Cars – plural

Verbs don’t follow this pattern, though. Adding an “s” to a verb doesn’t make a plural. Here’s what I mean:

Walk
Walks

Which one is the singular form and which is the plural form? Here’s a tip for you. Ask yourself which would you use with the word they and which would you use with he or she.

He walks.
She walks.
They walk.

Since he and she are singular pronouns walks is a singular verb. The word they is plural so walk is the plural form.

EXAMPLE

He runs four miles every day. (singular subject; singular verb)
They ride the school bus in the afternoon. (plural subject; plural verb)
Few of the children are here today. (plural)
Some of the money is missing. (singular-money is singular)
None of the marbles have rolled out of the circle. (plural-marbles is plural)
One of the nails is sticking out. (one is singular)
The scissors are on the table. (plural)
Katie or three girls walk to the office. (girls is closer, so verb is plural)
Is mumps caused by a virus? (singular)
Neither the tray nor the cups were put away. (cups is closer, so verb is plural)

PRONOUN

What is a Pronoun?

In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.

Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:

He
She
They
It
We
Who

As mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or writing flow better.

TYPES OF PRONOUNS

INDEFINITE PRONOUN

What is an indefinite pronoun?

Indefinite pronouns are those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places. They are called “indefinite” simply because they do not indicate the exact object, being, or place to which they refer.

Indefinite pronouns include partitives such as any, anybody, anyone, either, neither, nobody, no, someone, and some; they also include universals such as every, all, both, and each; finally, they include quantifiers including any, some, several, enough, many, and much. Many indefinite pronouns can also function as determiners.

There are just two important rules for using indefinite pronouns correctly. Remember these and you will find that writing comes easier for you.

Indefinite pronouns are never plural. They are always singular.
Because indefinite pronouns are singular, the pronouns or verbs used to refer to them should also be singular.

Examples of Indefinite Pronouns

In the following examples, the indefinite pronouns are italicized.

In the following examples, the indefinite pronouns are italicized.
Many are called, but few are chosen.
Somebody ate my sandwich!
Everyone says she is beautiful inside and out.
No one wants to hear about my health problems.

PERSONAL PRONOUN

What is a Personal Pronoun?

A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person, in the grammatical sense.

When discussing “person” in terms of the grammatical, the following rules apply:

First person, as in “I”

Second person, as in “you”

Third person, as in “It, he, she”

Personal pronouns may take on various forms depending on number (singular or plural for the most part). They may also take different forms depending on case, gender, or formality. It is important to note that personal pronouns may refer to objects, animals, or people.

Personal pronouns provide us with the following information:

The person – Who is speaking?

The number – Is the pronoun plural or singular?

The gender – Is the pronoun feminine, masculine, or neuter?

Examples of Personal Pronouns

The word “he” is an example of a personal pronoun. He is third person (because he is the person being spoken about), singular, and masculine. The word “we” is another example of a personal pronoun. We is first person (because we are speaking as a group), plural, and neuter.

In the following examples, personal pronouns are italicized.

You need to stop lying to me.
We would love for you to join us.
Come look at my cat! He has climbed to the top of that tree.
She is running up and down the stairs.
All of my teachers are Americans. They come from all over the country.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

What Is a Reflexive Pronoun?

A reflexive pronoun is a type of pronoun that is preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which it refers, so long as that antecedent is located within the same clause.

In English grammar, a reflexive pronoun indicates that the person who is realizing the action of the verb is also the recipient of the action. While this might seem strange at first glance, the following examples of reflexive pronouns and the accompanying list of reflexive pronouns will help you gain thorough understanding. In fact, you will probably notice that you yourself use reflexive pronouns frequently when speaking or writing.

Examples of Reflexive Pronouns

In the following examples of reflexive pronouns, the reflexive pronoun in each sentence is italicized.

I was in a hurry, so I washed the car myself.
You’re going to have to drive yourself to school today.
He wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake himself.
Jennifer does chores herself because she doesn’t trust others to do them right.
That car is in a class all by itself.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

What is a Demonstrative Pronoun?

A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific within a sentence. These pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural.

When used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or time:

Near in time or distance: this, these
Far in time or distance: that, those

Examples of Demonstrative Pronouns

In the following examples, demonstrative pronouns have been italicized for ease of identification.

This was my mother’s ring.
That looks like the car I used to drive.
These are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.
Those look like riper than the apples on my tree.
Such was her command over the English language.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

What is a possessive pronoun?

Possessive pronouns are those designating possession. They may also be used as substitutes for noun phrases, and they are typically found at the end of a sentence or clause. There are only a few possessive pronouns in the English language, and there are only two specific rules for using them correctly. Keep these rules in mind when using possessive pronouns, and you’ll discover that writing properly is easier.

Like its name suggests, a possessive pronoun indicates ownership.
Possessive pronouns do not contain apostrophes.

A possessive pronoun is used to avoid repeating information that has already been made clear. These useful pronouns make sentences less confusing, as you’ll see when you read the following sentences containing examples of possessive pronouns.

Examples of Possessive Pronouns

The following sets of sentences illustrate how possessive pronouns provide clarity. Possessive pronoun examples are italicized.

This is my cat, not your cat. (Sounds repetitive)
This cat is mine, not yours.
I didn’t have my book so Jenny lent me her book. (Sounds repetitive)
I didn’t have my book, so Jenny lent me hers.
Your car is a lot faster than my car. (Sounds repetitive)

RELATIVE PRONOUN

What is a relative pronoun?

A relative pronoun is one which is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences.

There are only a few relative pronouns in the English language. The most common are which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who, and whom. In some situations, the words what, when, and where can also function as relative pronouns. Because there are only a few of them, there are also just a few rules for using relative pronouns. Keep them in mind as you write.

Examples of Relative Pronouns

The following sentences contain examples of relative pronouns. The relative pronoun in each example is italicized.

The cyclist who won the race trained hard.
The pants that I bought yesterday are already stained.
The four team leaders, whomever the committee selects, will be at tomorrow’s meeting.
Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a week, is one of my family’s favorite meals.
Where did you buy the dress what you wore last week?

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

What Is an Interrogative Pronoun?

An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy. There are just five interrogative pronouns. Each one is used to ask a very specific question or indirect question. Some, such as “who” and “whom,” refer only to people. Others can be used to refer to objects or people. Once you are familiar with interrogative pronouns, you’ll find that it’s very easy to use them in a variety of situations.

Interrogative pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns, which may be found in questions or indirect questions. You’ll know for certain that a pronoun is classified as an interrogative when it’s used in an inquiring way, because interrogative pronouns are found only in question and indirect questions.

The five interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and whose.

Examples of Interrogative Pronouns

Sentences containing interrogative pronouns are always questions, so they always end with a question mark. In the following examples, interrogative pronouns have been italicized for ease of identification.

What do you want for your birthday?
Which shirt do you think looks better on me?
Who do you think will win the playoff game?
To whom are you speaking?
Whose socks are those?

RECIPROCAL PRONOUN

What is a Reciprocal Pronoun?

A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun which is used to indicate that two or more people are carrying out or have carried out an action of some type, with both receiving the benefits or consequences of that action simultaneously. Any time something is done or given in return, reciprocal pronouns are used. The same is true any time mutual action is expressed.

There are only two reciprocal pronouns. Both of them allow you to make sentences simpler. They are especially useful when you need to express the same general idea more than once.

Each other
One another

Reciprocal pronouns are easy to use. When you want to refer to two people, you will normally use “each other.” When referring to more than two people, for example the students in a lecture hall, you will normally use “one another.”

Examples of Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns help prevent repetition within sentences. In the following examples, reciprocal pronouns have been italicized for ease of identification.

Maria and Juan gave each other gold rings on their wedding day.
Maria and Juan kissed each other at the end of the ceremony.
Terry and Jack were talking to each other in the hallway.
We give each other gifts during the holidays.
The students congratulated one another after giving practice speeches.

INTENSIVE PRONOUN

What Is an Intensive Pronoun?

An intensive pronoun is almost identical to a reflexive pronoun. It is defined as a pronoun that ends in self or selves and places emphasis on its antecedent by referring back to another noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence. For this reason, intensive pronouns are sometimes called emphatic pronouns.

You can test a word to see whether it’s an intensive pronoun by removing it from the sentence and checking to see if the sentence has the same impact.

Examples of Intensive Pronoun

Intensive pronouns are used to add emphasis to statements. In the following examples, the intensive pronouns have been italicized for ease of identification.

Jesse wondered aloud whether he himself was the only one seeing what was happening.
Maria knew that she herself could make a positive impact on the world, if only she put her mind to it.
You yourself can easily transform your body: All it takes is a proper diet and plenty of exercise.
The team knew that they themselves were responsible for playing their best.
We ourselves are the ones who make the greatest impact upon the world we live in.