SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINOUS, SIMPLE PAST, PAST
CONTINOUS, SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT AND PRONOUN
NAMA
DOSEN : DEVI ARYANI
DWI
AYU LARASATI
22213664
3EB22
FAKULTAS
EKONOMI JURUSAN AKUNTANSI
UNIVERSITAS
GUNADARMA
2016
SIMPLE PRESENT THEORY
The
simple present or present simple is one of the present tenses used in modern
English, the others being the present continuous and the emphatic present. It
is called "present" because it is often (but not exclusively) used in
referring to the present time, and it is called "simple" because it
consists of only a single word. In the third person singular of the simple
present it is formed (with two exceptions) by adding s or es to the bare
infinitive, as in "He sees you", while in all other person/number combinations
the present simple is identical to the bare infinitive, as in "They see
you" or "I see you". The two exceptions are "to have"
and "to be": "to have" retains the bare infinitive form
outside the third person singular, but in the third person singular it uses
"has" as in he has a car; "to be" uses "am" in
the first person singular, "is" in the third person singular, and
"are" in all other person/number combinations, as in Iam here, you
are here, she is here.
THE FUNCTION
The
function of Simple Present Tense. We use the simple present for some purpose,
there are :
1. To
express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations,
emotions and wishes:
§ I smoke
(habit); I work in London
(unchanging situation); London is a
large city (general truth)
2.
To give instructions or directions:
§ You walk
for two hundred meters, then you turn
left.
3.
To express fixed arrangements, present
or future:
§ Your
exam starts at 09.00
4.
To express future time, after some
conjunctions: after, when, before, as
soon as, until :
§ He'll give it to you when you come
next Saturday.
EXAMPLE
Positive Sentences
|
Negative Sentences
|
Intterogative Sentences
|
He drinks
water
|
He does not drink water
|
Does he drink water ?
|
They read
lessons
|
they
do not read lessons
|
Do
they read lessons ?
|
Birds chirp
|
Bird do not chirp
|
Do birds chirp ?
|
John reaches
home in time
|
John
does not reach home in time
|
Does
John reach home in time ?
|
Water
maintains its surface level
|
Water does not maintain its surface
level
|
Does water maintain its surface level
?
|
PRESENT CONTINOUS
THEORY
It
is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses
an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. For example, a person
says, “I am writing a letter”. It means that he is in the process of writing a
letter right now. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are
expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called
Present progressive tense.
Rules.
Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base
verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
THE FUNCTION
As
with all tenses in English, the speaker's
attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone
uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete :
1. To
describe an action that is going on at this moment:
§ You are using
the Internet. You are studying English
grammar.
2.
To describe an action that is going on
during this period of time or a trend:
§ Are you still working
for the same company? More and more people are
becoming vegetarian.
3.
To describe an action or event in the
future, which has already been planned or prepared:
§ We're going
on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my
boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting
you next winter?
4.
To describe a temporary event or
situation:
§ He
usually plays the drums, but he's
playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.
5.
With "always, forever,
constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated
actions:
§ Harry
and Sally are always arguing ! You're constantly complaining about
your mother-in-law!
EXAMPLE
Positive Sentences
|
Negative Sentences
|
Intterogative Sentences
|
I am
listening to the news
|
I am not listening to the news
|
Am I listening to the news ?
|
You are
washing your clothes
|
You
are not washing your clothes
|
Are
you washing your clothes ?
|
She is
riding on horse
|
She is not riding on a horse
|
Is she riding on a horse ?
|
They are
playing football
|
They
are not playing football
|
Are
they playing football ?
|
It is
raining
|
It is not raining
|
Is it raining ?
|
SIMPLE PAST THEORY
It
is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very
little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action
is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense
that the action has done a little time ago. For example, a person says, “I
watched a movie”, it means the speaker of this sentence watched a movie a
little time ago or little time ago in the same day.
Rules :
2nd form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences
and base form is used in negative and interrogative sentences.
THE FUNCTION
The
simple past is used to talk about a completed
action in a time before now.
Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the
distant past.
You
always use the simple past when you say when
something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions :
1. Frequency
: often, sometimes, always
§ I
sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
§ I
often brought my lunch to school.
2.
A
definite point in time : last week, when I was a child,
yesterday, six weeks ago
§ We
saw a good film last week.
§ Yesterday,
I arrived in Geneva.
§ She
finished her work atseven o'clock
§ I
went to the theatre last night
3.
An
indefinite point in time : the other day, ages ago, a long
time ago People lived in caves a
long time ago.
4.
She played
the piano when she was a child.
Note :
the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is
placed after the period of time: a
week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
EXAMPLE
Positive Sentences
|
Negative Sentences
|
Intterogative Sentences
|
I have
started a job
|
I have not started a job
|
Have I started a job?
|
It has
rained.
|
It
has not rained.
|
Has
it rained?
|
The guests
have arrived
|
The guests have not arrived.
|
Have the guests arrived?
|
John has
left for home.
|
John
has not left for home.
|
Has
John left for home?
|
You have
told a lie.
|
You have not told a lie.
|
Have you told a lie?
|
PAST CONTINOUS THEORY
It
is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action
which occurred in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an
ongoing nature of an action in past. For
example, “he was laughing.” This sentence shows ongoing action (laughing) of a
person which occurred in past. Past continuous tense is also called past
progressive.
Rules :
Auxiliary verb “was or were” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb
+ ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
THE FUNCTION
The
past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it
expresses an unfinished or incomplete
action in the past.
It is used :
- Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
- To describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
- To express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my homework done instead."
- With 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."
EXAMPLE
Positive Sentences
|
Negative Sentences
|
Intterogative Sentences
|
They were
laughing at the joker
|
They were not laughing at the joker
|
Were they laughing at the joker ?
|
He was
taking exam last month
|
He
was not taking exam last month
|
Was
he taking exam last month ?
|
You waiting
for him yesterday
|
You were not waiting for him yesterday
|
Were you waiting for him yesterday ?
|
She was
working in a factory
|
She
was not working in a factory
|
Was
she working in a factory ?
|
It was
raining yesterday
|
It was not raining yesterday
|
Was it raining yesterday ?
|
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Subject
verb agreement refers to the fact that the subject and verb in a sentence must
agree in number. In other words, they both must be singular or they both must
be plural. You can’t have a singular subject with a plural verb or vice versa.
The tricky part is in knowing the singular and plural forms of subjects and
verbs.
Singular
and plural subjects, or nouns, are
usually pretty easy. In most cases the plural form of a noun has an “s” at the
end. Like this:
- Car – singular
- Cars – plural
Verbs
don’t follow this pattern, though. Adding an “s” to a verb doesn’t make a
plural. Here’s what I mean:
- Walk
- Walks
Which
one is the singular form and which is the plural form? Here’s a tip for you.
Ask yourself which would you use with the word they and which would you use
with he or she.
- He walks.
- She walks.
- They walk.
Since
he and she are singular pronouns walks is a singular verb. The word they is
plural so walk is the plural form.
EXAMPLE
- He runs four miles every day. (singular subject; singular verb)
- They ride the school bus in the afternoon. (plural subject; plural verb)
- Few of the children are here today. (plural)
- Some of the money is missing. (singular-money is singular)
- None of the marbles have rolled out of the circle. (plural-marbles is plural)
- One of the nails is sticking out. (one is singular)
- The scissors are on the table. (plural)
- Katie or three girls walk to the office. (girls is closer, so verb is plural)
- Is mumps caused by a virus? (singular)
- Neither the tray nor the cups were put away. (cups is closer, so verb is plural)
PRONOUN
What is a Pronoun?
In
grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once
replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a
nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun
can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.
Without
pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech
and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short
words. Examples include:
- He
- She
- They
- It
- We
- Who
As
mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also
stand in for certain adverbs,
adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a person,
animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or writing
flow better.
TYPES OF PRONOUNS
INDEFINITE PRONOUN
What is an indefinite pronoun?
Indefinite pronouns are
those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places. They are
called “indefinite” simply because they do not indicate the exact object,
being, or place to which they refer.
Indefinite pronouns
include partitives such as any, anybody,
anyone, either, neither, nobody, no, someone, and some; they also include universals such as every, all, both, and each; finally,
they include quantifiers including any,
some, several, enough, many, and
much. Many indefinite pronouns can also function as determiners.
There are just two
important rules for using indefinite pronouns correctly. Remember these and you
will find that writing comes easier for you.
- Indefinite pronouns are never plural. They are always singular.
- Because indefinite pronouns are singular, the pronouns or verbs used to refer to them should also be singular.
Examples of Indefinite Pronouns
In the following examples, the indefinite pronouns are italicized.
- In the following examples, the indefinite pronouns are italicized.
- Many are called, but few are chosen.
- Somebody ate my sandwich!
- Everyone says she is beautiful inside and out.
- No one wants to hear about my health problems.
PERSONAL PRONOUN
What is a Personal Pronoun?
A personal pronoun is a
pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person, in the
grammatical sense.
When discussing “person”
in terms of the grammatical, the following rules apply:
First person, as in “I”
Second person, as in
“you”
Third person, as in “It,
he, she”
Personal pronouns may
take on various forms depending on number (singular or plural for the most
part). They may also take different forms depending on case, gender, or
formality. It is important to note that personal pronouns may refer to objects,
animals, or people.
Personal pronouns
provide us with the following information:
The person – Who is speaking?
The number – Is the pronoun
plural or singular?
The gender – Is the pronoun
feminine, masculine, or neuter?
Examples of Personal Pronouns
The word “he” is an example of a personal pronoun. He is third
person (because he is the person being spoken about), singular, and masculine.
The word “we” is another example of a personal pronoun. We is first person
(because we are speaking as a group), plural, and neuter.
In the following examples, personal pronouns are italicized.
- You need to stop lying to me.
- We would love for you to join us.
- Come look at my cat! He has climbed to the top of that tree.
- She is running up and down the stairs.
- All of my teachers are Americans. They come from all over the country.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
What Is a Reflexive Pronoun?
A reflexive pronoun is a
type of pronoun that is preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to
which it refers, so long as that antecedent is located within the same clause.
In English grammar, a
reflexive pronoun indicates that the person who is realizing the action of the
verb is also the recipient of the action. While this might seem strange at
first glance, the following examples of reflexive pronouns and the accompanying
list of reflexive pronouns will help you gain thorough understanding. In fact,
you will probably notice that you yourself use reflexive pronouns frequently
when speaking or writing.
Examples of Reflexive Pronouns
In
the following examples of reflexive pronouns, the reflexive pronoun in each
sentence is italicized.
- I was in a hurry, so I washed the car myself.
- You’re going to have to drive yourself to school today.
- He wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake himself.
- Jennifer does chores herself because she doesn’t trust others to do them right.
- That car is in a class all by itself.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
What is a Demonstrative
Pronoun?
A
demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific
within a sentence. These pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they
can be either singular or plural.
When
used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near
or far in distance or time:
- Near in time or distance: this, these
- Far in time or distance: that, those
Examples of Demonstrative Pronouns
In the following
examples, demonstrative pronouns have been italicized for ease of
identification.
- This was my mother’s ring.
- That looks like the car I used to drive.
- These are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.
- Those look like riper than the apples on my tree.
- Such was her command over the English language.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
What is a possessive
pronoun?
Possessive
pronouns are those designating possession. They may also be used as substitutes
for noun phrases, and they are typically found at the end of a sentence or
clause. There are only a few possessive pronouns in the English language, and
there are only two specific rules for using them correctly. Keep these rules in
mind when using possessive pronouns, and you’ll discover that writing properly
is easier.
- Like its name suggests, a possessive pronoun indicates ownership.
- Possessive pronouns do not contain apostrophes.
A
possessive pronoun is used to avoid repeating information that has already been
made clear. These useful pronouns make sentences less confusing, as you’ll see
when you read the following sentences containing examples of possessive
pronouns.
Examples of
Possessive Pronouns
The following sets
of sentences illustrate how possessive pronouns provide clarity. Possessive pronoun
examples are italicized.
- This is my cat, not your cat. (Sounds repetitive)
- This cat is mine, not yours.
- I didn’t have my book so Jenny lent me her book. (Sounds repetitive)
- I didn’t have my book, so Jenny lent me hers.
- Your car is a lot faster than my car. (Sounds repetitive)
RELATIVE PRONOUN
What is a relative
pronoun?
A
relative pronoun is one which is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously,
whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns
can be used to join two sentences.
There
are only a few relative pronouns in the English language. The most common are which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who,
and whom. In some situations, the
words what, when, and where can also function as relative
pronouns. Because there are only a few of them, there are also just a few rules
for using relative pronouns. Keep them in mind as you write.
Examples of Relative
Pronouns
The following
sentences contain examples of relative pronouns. The relative pronoun in each
example is italicized.
- The cyclist who won the race trained hard.
- The pants that I bought yesterday are already stained.
- The four team leaders, whomever the committee selects, will be at tomorrow’s meeting.
- Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a week, is one of my family’s favorite meals.
- Where did you buy the dress what you wore last week?
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
What Is an
Interrogative Pronoun?
An
interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy.
There are just five interrogative pronouns. Each one is used to ask a very
specific question or indirect question. Some, such as “who” and “whom,” refer
only to people. Others can be used to refer to objects or people. Once you are
familiar with interrogative pronouns, you’ll find that it’s very easy to use
them in a variety of situations.
Interrogative
pronouns can also be used as relative pronouns, which may be found in questions
or indirect questions. You’ll know for certain that a pronoun is classified as
an interrogative when it’s used in an inquiring way, because interrogative
pronouns are found only in question and indirect questions.
The
five interrogative pronouns are what,
which, who, whom, and whose.
Examples of
Interrogative Pronouns
Sentences containing
interrogative pronouns are always questions, so they always end with a question
mark. In the following examples, interrogative pronouns have been italicized
for ease of identification.
- What do you want for your birthday?
- Which shirt do you think looks better on me?
- Who do you think will win the playoff game?
- To whom are you speaking?
- Whose socks are those?
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
What is a Reciprocal
Pronoun?
A
reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun which is used to indicate that two or more
people are carrying out or have carried out an action of some type, with both
receiving the benefits or consequences of that action simultaneously. Any time
something is done or given in return, reciprocal pronouns are used. The same is
true any time mutual action is expressed.
There
are only two reciprocal pronouns. Both of them allow you to make sentences
simpler. They are especially useful when you need to express the same general
idea more than once.
- Each other
- One another
Reciprocal
pronouns are easy to use. When you want to refer to two people, you will
normally use “each other.” When referring to more than two people, for example
the students in a lecture hall, you will normally use “one another.”
Examples of
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns
help prevent repetition within sentences. In the following examples, reciprocal
pronouns have been italicized for ease of identification.
- Maria and Juan gave each other gold rings on their wedding day.
- Maria and Juan kissed each other at the end of the ceremony.
- Terry and Jack were talking to each other in the hallway.
- We give each other gifts during the holidays.
- The students congratulated one another after giving practice speeches.
INTENSIVE PRONOUN
What Is an Intensive
Pronoun?
An
intensive pronoun is almost identical to a reflexive pronoun. It is defined as
a pronoun that ends in self or selves and places emphasis on its antecedent by
referring back to another noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence. For
this reason, intensive pronouns are sometimes called emphatic pronouns.
You
can test a word to see whether it’s an intensive pronoun by removing it from
the sentence and checking to see if the sentence has the same impact.
Examples of Intensive
Pronoun
Intensive pronouns
are used to add emphasis to statements. In the following examples, the
intensive pronouns have been italicized for ease of identification.
- Jesse wondered aloud whether he himself was the only one seeing what was happening.
- Maria knew that she herself could make a positive impact on the world, if only she put her mind to it.
- You yourself can easily transform your body: All it takes is a proper diet and plenty of exercise.
- The team knew that they themselves were responsible for playing their best.
- We ourselves are the ones who make the greatest impact upon the world we live in.
REFERENCES :
